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14Sep13

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U.S. and Russia Reach Deal to Secure Syria's Chemical Arms

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The United States and Russia have reached an agreement that calls for Syria's arsenal of chemical weapons to be removed or destroyed by the middle of 2014, Secretary of State John Kerry said on Saturday.

Under a "framework" agreement, international inspectors must be on the ground in Syria by November, Mr. Kerry said, speaking at a news conference with the Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey V. Lavrov.

Under the agreement, Syria must submit a "comprehensive listing" of its chemical weapons stockpiles within a week.

American and Russian officials also reached a consensus on the size of Syria's stockpile, an essential prerequisite to any international plan to control and dismantle the weapons.

"If fully implemented," Mr. Kerry said, "this framework can provide greater protection and security to the world."

If President Bashar al-Assad of Syria fails to comply with the agreement, the issue will be referred to the United Nations Security Council.

Mr. Kerry said that any violations would then be taken up under Chapter 7 of the United Nations Charter, which authorizes punitive action. But Mr. Lavrov made clear that Russia, which wields a veto in the Security Council, had not withdrawn its objections to the use of force.

The joint announcement, which took place on the third day of intensive talks here, eased the United States' confrontation with Syria.

Arms control officials on both sides worked into the night, a process that recalled the treaty negotiations during the cold war.

The issue of removing Syria's chemical arms broke into the open on Monday when Mr. Kerry, in a news conference in London, posed the question as to whether Mr. Assad could rapidly be disarmed only to state that he did not see how it could be done.

"He could turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week. Turn it over, all of it, without delay, and allow a full and total accounting for that," Mr. Kerry said. "But he isn't about to do it, and it can't be done, obviously."

Now, however, what once seemed impossible has become the plan -- one that will depend on Mr. Assad's cooperation and that will need to be put in place in the middle of a civil war.

Mr. Kerry and Mr. Lavrov had a series of meeting on Friday, including a session that ended at midnight. On Saturday morning, the two sides reconvened with their arms controls experts on the hotel pool deck, sitting under a white umbrella drinking coffee as they pored over the text of the agreement.

Before the news conference, Mr. Lavrov said that he had not spoken with Syrian officials while he was negotiating in Geneva. Obama administration officials have argued that the Russia's role was essential since it has been a major backer of the Assad government.

Entitled "Framework For Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons," the agreement is four pages, including its technical annexes. The agreement, which outlines procedures for "expeditious destruction of the Syrian chemical weapons program and stringent verification," says that the United States and Russia will submit a plan in the next several days to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, which oversees compliance with the chemical weapons accord.

Under the framework, the initial inspection of the chemical weapons site that the Syrian government declares must be completed by November. Equipment for producing chemical weapons and filling munitions with poison gas must be destroyed by November.

The document also says that there is to be "complete elimination of all chemical weapons material and equipment in the first half of 2014."

In his weekly address before the deal was announced, President Obama called the Russian peace initiative and subsequent discussions "positive developments" that could ultimately avert an American military strike in retaliation for a gas attack that the United States estimated killed more than 1,400 last month and blamed on the government of Mr. Assad.

"If the current discussions produce a serious plan, I'm prepared to move forward with it," Mr. Obama said in his weekly radio and Internet address. "But we are not just going to take Russia and Assad's word for it. We need to see concrete actions to demonstrate that Assad is serious about giving up his chemical weapons." Just to be sure, he said he would keep American destroyers and other forces in the region for a possible punitive strike.

A significant sign of movement came Friday when the Obama administration effectively took force off the table in discussions over the shape of a Security Council resolution governing any deal with Syria. Although Mr. Obama reserved the right to order an American military strike without the United Nations' backing if Syria reneges on its commitments, senior officials said he understood that Russia would never allow a Security Council resolution authorizing force.

As a strategic matter, that statement simply acknowledged the reality on the Security Council, where Russia wields a veto and has vowed to block any military action against Syria, its ally. But Mr. Obama's decision to concede the point early in talks underscored his desire to forge a workable diplomatic compromise and avoid a strike that would be deeply unpopular at home. It came just days after France, his strongest supporter on Syria, proposed a resolution that included a threat of military action.

Instead, Mr. Obama will insist that any Security Council resolution build in other measures to enforce a deal with the government of President Bashar al-Assad, possibly including sanctions or other penalties, according to officials who requested anonymity in order to discuss negotiations candidly. The president would not agree to Syria's demand to renounce any use of force, said the officials, who argued that it was the threat of force that had brought Moscow and Damascus to the negotiating table.

The two sides meeting in Geneva focused their discussions on how Syria might work with the international organization that oversees compliance with the Chemical Weapons Convention, which Syria has agreed to sign.

The confrontation stems from an Aug. 21 attack in the Damascus suburbs that, according to American intelligence, killed more than 1,400 people. The United States and dozens of other countries have concluded that Mr. Assad's government was responsible, but Syria and Russia deny that.

A report by United Nations inspectors set to be released in the coming days will be "overwhelming" in its conclusion that chemical weapons were used, Ban Ki-moon, the secretary general, said Friday.

Mr. Ban, in comments that he thought were private but that were inadvertently broadcast over an in-house United Nations television channel, said that Mr. Assad had "committed many crimes against humanity" during more than two years of civil war and that there would be a "process of accountability when everything is over." Mr. Ban said he was "troubled" that the Security Council had not adopted any response, calling it "failure by the United Nations."

Fighting raged across Syria on Friday as antigovernment activists reported shelling in or around nearly every major city. The death toll was reported by activists to be 22 by nightfall, small compared with that of many recent days. But artillery barrages and government warplane sorties went on all day, including clashes in Yarmouk Camp, a contested area home to many Palestinian refugees southeast of Damascus.

As deliberations continued in Geneva, Mr. Kerry's aides announced that he would travel to other capitals to consult with allies. On Sunday, he will fly to Jerusalem to meet with Benjamin Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister. Mr. Obama's decision to defer military action to pursue the Russian initiative has stirred concern in Israel about the credibility of American policy toward Iran and its nuclear program.

After Jerusalem, Mr. Kerry plans to meet on Monday in Paris with the foreign ministers of America's two principal allies on Syria, Laurent Fabius of France and William Hague of Britain.

After Russia this week proposed averting an American strike by having Syria give up its chemical weapons, Mr. Fabius proposed enforcing such a deal with a Security Council resolution invoking Chapter 7, a clause that allows United Nations members to use military action to enforce its provisions.

While in Paris, Mr. Kerry will also meet with Saud al-Faisal, the foreign minister of Saudi Arabia, which has been a strong supporter of the anti-Assad Syrian opposition and an advocate of taking tough action after the Aug. 21 chemical weapons attack.

[Source: By Michael R. Gordon and Peter Baker, The New York Times, 14Sep13]

Syria War

This document has been published on 16Sep13 by the Equipo Nizkor and Derechos Human Rights. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, this material is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes.